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ធុតង្គវត្ត ១៣ខ ธุดงค์วัตร 13 ข้อ





វិន័យពិសេស  ១៣ខ ហៅថា ធុតង្គវត្ត របស់លោកធុតង្គ


ធុតង្គ (dhutanga) ជាពាក្យខ្ចីពីភាសាសំស្ក្រឹតនិងបាលីអានថាធុដុងឬធូដុង។ ធុតង្គគឺជាអង្គរបស់ធម៌ជាគ្រឿងកម្ចាត់នូវ កិលេស។ ពាក្យនេះជាឈ្មោះវត្តប្រតិបត្តិដោយឡែកសម្រាប់បព្វជិតក្នុងព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនាកាន់តាមកម្លាំងសទ្ធាដើម្បី ទម្រោមធម៌ជាគ្រឿងសៅហ្មងចិត្តឲ្យថយចុះ។ ធូតង្គបានដល់ធម៌ជាគ្រឿងកម្ចាត់កិលេសឬដែលនិយមហៅថាធុតង្គវត្តដែល សំដៅដល់ការបដិបត្តិដើម្បីកម្ចាត់កិលេសឬកិច្ចដែលភិក្ខុអ្នកកាន់ធុតង្គគួរធ្វើ។


. បង្សុកូលិកធុតង្គ - ទ្រទ្រង់សំពត់បង្សុកូលជាវត្ត។

. តេចីវរិកធុតង្គ - ទ្រទ្រង់ត្រៃចីវរ៣ផ្ទាំងជាវត្តមានស្បង់ចីពរ, សង្ឃាដីដែលចាំបាច់។

. បិណ្ឌបាតិកធុតង្គសមាទានការត្រាច់បិណ្ឌបាតជាវត្តគឺឆាន់អាហារដែលបានមកពីការបិណ្ឌបាតប៉ុណ្ណោះ។

. សបទានចារិកធុតង្គ - ដើរបិណ្ឌបាតទៅតាមលំដាប់ច្រកជាវត្ត។ គឺដើរបិណ្ឌបាតតាមរៀងនៃផ្ទះមិនរំលងទៅផ្ទះដទៃគឺមិនប្រកាន់ថាអ្នកស្អប់ឬអ្នកស្រឡាញ់។

. ឯកាសនិកធុតង្គ - សមាទានការអង្គុយឆាន់ក្នុងអាសនៈមួយជាវត្តគឺឆាន់ក្នុងកន្លែងតែមួយរហូតរួចរាល់។

. បត្តបិណ្ឌបាតិកធុតង្គ - សមាទានការឆាន់ក្នុងបាត្រ១ជាវត្ត។

. ខលុបច្ឆាភត្តិកធុតង្គ - សមាទានការហាមភត្តដែលនាំមកប្រគេនក្នុងខាងក្រោយជាវត្តគឺឆាន់តែមួយពេល (បើចាប់ផ្តើម ឆាន់ហើយគឺមិនទទួលចង្ហាន់ដែលនាំមកតាមក្រោយឡើយ)

. អារញ្ញិកធុតង្គ - សមាទានការនៅព្រៃជាវត្ត។

. រុក្ខមូលិកធុតង្គ - សមាទានការនៅក្បែរគល់ឈើជាវត្ត។

១០. អព្ភោកាសិកធុតង្គ - សមាទានការនៅក្នុងទីវាលជាវត្ត។

១១. សោសានិកធុតង្គ - សមាទានការនៅក្នុងព្រៃស្មសានជាវត្ត។

១២. យថាសន្ថតិកធុតង្គ - សមាទានការនៅក្នុងអាសនៈដែលគេចាត់ចែងអោយយ៉ាងណាមួយជាវត្ត។

១៣. នេសជ្ជិកធុតង្គ - សមាទានការអង្គុយជាវត្ត (មិនដេក)


ព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទ្រង់អនុញ្ញាតធុតង្គវត្តទុកព្រោះព្រះអង្គមានពុទ្ធបំណងនឹងអោយបដិបត្តិដើម្បីជាគ្រឿងដុសខាត់កិលេសគឺ គ្រឿងសៅហ្មងដែលត្រាំនៅក្នុងចិត្តជាអកុសលហេតុអោយកើតសេចក្តីប្រាថ្នាច្រើននិងអោយផ្លាស់ប្តូរសភាពចិត្តទៅជាការ ប្រាថ្នាតិចសន្តោសគឺសេចក្តីត្រេកអរតែក្នុងចំណែកដែលខ្លួនមានឬគប្បីរកបានដើម្បីការពារចិត្តមិនអោយខ្វល់ខ្វាយក្នុងលាភរបស់អ្នកដទៃក្នុងផ្លូវដែលខុសសីលធម៌។


ក្នុងចំណោមធុតង្គទាំង១៣ប្រការនេះភិក្ខុដែលពេញចិត្តបដិបត្តិធុតង្គអាចជ្រើសរើសប្រការណាមួយក៏បានឬក៏បដិបត្តិទាំង ១៣ប្រការនេះតាមការចូលចិត្តគឺមិនដាច់ខាតត្រូវបដិបត្តិដូចជាព្រះវិន័យដែលភិក្ខុត្រូវបដិបត្តិយ៉ាងដាច់ខាតគ្រប់សិក្ខាបទឡើយ។

កិលេស១០

ក្នុងព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា កិលេសមានន័យថា ការធ្វើឲ្យក្រខ្វក់ ការឈឺចាប់ ឬថ្នាំបំពុល តាមគម្ពីរចាស់ៗ ពាក្យថា កិលេស ជាទូទៅសំដៅយកចេតសិក ដែលធ្វើឲ្យងងឹតដល់ ចិត្ត ហើយបង្ហាញរូបរាងរបស់វាជាអកុសលកម្ម កិលេស, ជាពិសេសពិសពុលទាំង៣គឺ លោភៈ ទោសៈ និងមោហៈ, ជាឬសគល់នៃវដ្តសង្សារ ការកើតស្លាប់ឥតឈប់ឈរ កិលេសរមែងកើតឡើងជាមួយនឹងតណ្ហា ដែលធ្វើឲ្យក្រខ្វក់ដល់កាយកម្មនិងមនោ កម្ម តាមគម្ពីរព្រះអភិធម្ម កិលេសចែកចេញជា១០យ៉ាង កិលេស៣ខាងដើម លោភៈ ទោសៈ និងមោហៈ ជាប្រភពនៃសេចក្តីទុក្ខទាំងពួង គេត្រូវតែផ្តាច់ឫសរបស់វាចេញ ឲ្យអស់អំពីសន្តានចិត្ត ដើម្បីគេរស់នៅបានប្រកបដោយសេចក្តីសុខ


កិលេស១០យ៉ាងនោះគឺៈ

- លោភោ សភាពធ្វើចិត្តឲ្យជាប់ជំពាក់ នៅក្នុងអារម្មណ៍

- ទោសោ សភាពធ្វើចិត្តឲ្យប្រទុស្ត ក្នុងអារម្មណ៍

- មោហោ សភាពធ្វើចិត្តឲ្យវង្វេង ក្នុងអារម្មណ៍

- មានោ សភាពលើកខ្លួន ឬដាក់ខ្លួន ហួសការពិត

- ទិដ្ឋិ ធម្មជាតិធ្វើចិត្តឲ្យឃើញខុស ឬយល់ខុស

- វិចិកិច្ឆា ធម្មជាតិឲ្យសង្ស័យ ឬស្ទាក់ស្ទើរ

- ថីនំ ធម្មជាតិឲ្យចិត្តឲ្យរួញរា ឬធុញទ្រាន់ក្នុងកុសលផ្សេងៗ

- ឧទ្ធច្ចំ ធម្មជាតិធ្វើចិត្តឲ្យញាប់ញ័រ ឬឲ្យរាយមាយ

- អហិរិកំ ធម្មជាតិមិនខ្ពើមអំពើទុច្ចរិត

១០- អនោតប្បំ ធម្មជាតិមិនខ្លាច ឬមិនតក់ស្លុតនូវអំពើទុច្ចរិត

ธุดงค์วัตร 13 ข้อ

ธุดงควัตร คือข้อปฏิบัติที่เข้มงวดเป็นพิเศษ เพื่อความขัดเกลากิเลสอย่างยิ่ง พระพุทธเจ้าไม่ได้ทรงบังคับให้ภิกษุถือปฏิบัติ ใครจะปฏิบัติหรือไม่ก็ได้ ผู้ที่จะปฏิบัติธุดงควัตรนั้น สามารถเลือกได้เองตามความสมัครใจ ว่าจะปฏิบัติข้อใดบ้าง เป็นเวลานานเท่าใด เมื่อจะถือปฏิบัติก็เพียงแต่กล่าวคำสมาทานธุดงควัตรข้อที่ตนเลือก แล้วก็เริ่มปฏิบัติได้เลย ธุดงควัตรมี 13 ข้อคือ

หมวดที่ จีวรปฏิสังยุตต์ (เกี่ยวกับจีวร)
1.) การถือผ้าบังสุกุลเป็นวัตร คือการใช้แต่ผ้าเก่าที่คนเขาทิ้งเอาไว้ตามกองขยะบ้าง ข้างถนนบ้าง ผ้าห่อศพบ้าง นำผ้าเหล่านั้นมาซัก ย้อมสี เย็บต่อกันจนเป็นผืนใหญ่แล้วนำมาใช้ งดเว้นจากการใช้ผ้าใหม่ทุกชนิด (บังสุกุล = คลุกฝุ่น)
2.) การถือผ้า 3 ผืน (ไตรจีวร) เป็นวัตร คือการใช้ผ้าเฉพาะที่จำเป็นเท่านั้น อันได้แก่ สบง(ผ้านุ่ง) จีวร(ผ้าห่ม) สังฆาฏิ(ผ้าสารพัดประโยชน์ เช่น คลุมกันหนาว ปูนั่ง ปูนอน ปัดฝุ่น ใช้แทนสบง หรือจีวรเพื่อซักผ้าเหล่านั้น ปัจจุบันภิกษุไทยมักใช้พาดบ่าเมื่อประกอบพิธีกรรม)

หมวดที่ ปิณฑปาตปฏิสังยุตต์ (เกี่ยวกับบิณฑบาต )
3.) การถือบิณฑบาตเป็นวัตร คือการบริโภคอาหารเฉพาะที่ได้มาจากการรับบิณฑบาตเท่านั้น ไม่บริโภคอาหารที่คนเขานิมนต์ไปฉันตามบ้าน
4.) ถือการบิณฑบาตตามลำดับบ้านเป็นวัตร คือจะรับบิณฑบาตโดยไม่เลือกที่รักมักที่ชัง ไม่เลือกว่าเป็นบ้านคนรวยคนจน ไม่เลือกว่าอาหารดีไม่ดี มีใครใส่บาตรก็รับไปตามลำดับ ไม่ข้ามบ้านที่ไม่ถูกใจไป
5.) ถือการฉันในอาสนะเดียวเป็นวัตร คือ ในแต่ละวันจะบริโภคอาหารเพียงครั้งเดียว เมื่อนั่งแล้วก็ฉันจนเสร็จ หลังจากนั้นก็จะไม่บริโภคอาหารอะไรอีกเลย นอกจากน้ำดื่ม
6.) ถือการฉันในบาตรเป็นวัตร คือจะนำอาหารทุกชนิดที่จะบริโภคในมื้อนั้น มารวมกันในบาตร แล้วจึงฉันอาหารนั้น เพื่อไม่ให้ติดในรสชาดของอาหาร
7.) ถือการห้ามภัตที่ถวายภายหลังเป็นวัตร คือเมื่อรับอาหารมามากพอแล้ว ตัดสินใจว่าจะไม่รับอะไรเพิ่มอีกแล้ว หลังจากนั้นถึงแม้มีใครนำอะไรมาถวายเพิ่มอีก ก็จะไม่รับอะไรเพิ่มอีกเลย ถึงแม้อาหารนั้นจะถูกใจเพียงใดก็ตาม

หมวดที่ เสนาสนปฏิสังยุตต์ (เกี่ยวกับเสนาสนะ )
8.) ถือการอยู่ป่าเป็นวัตร คือจะอยู่อาศัยเฉพาะในป่าเท่านั้น จะไม่อยู่ในหมู่บ้านเลย เพื่อไม่ให้ความพลุกพล่านวุ่นวายของเมืองรบกวนการปฏิบัติ หรือเพื่อป้องกันการพอกพูนของกิเลส
9.) ถือการอยู่โคนไม้เป็นวัตร คือจะพักอาศัยอยู่ใต้ต้นไม้เท่านั้น งดเว้นจากการอยู่ในที่มีหลังคาที่สร้างขึ้นมามุงบัง
10.) ถือการอยู่กลางแจ้งเป็นวัตร คือจะอยู่แต่ในที่กลางแจ้งเท่านั้น จะไม่เข้าสู่ที่มุงบังใดๆ เลย แม้แต่โคนต้นไม้ เพื่อไม่ให้ติดในที่อยู่อาศัย
11.) ถือการอยู่ในป่าช้าเป็นวัตร คือจะงดเว้นจากที่พักอันสุขสบายทั้งหลาย แล้วไปอาศัยอยู่ในป่าช้า เพื่อจะได้ระลึกถึงความตายอยู่เสมอ ไม่ประมาท
12.) ถือการอยู่ในเสนาสนะที่เขาจัดไว้ให้เป็นวัตร คือเมื่อใครชี้ให้ไปพักที่ไหน หรือจัดที่พักอย่างใดไว้ให้ ก็พักอาศัยในที่นั้นๆ โดยไม่เลือกว่าสะดวกสบาย หรือถูกใจหรือไม่ และเมื่อมีใครขอให้สละที่พักที่กำลังพักอาศัยอยู่นั้น ก็พร้อมจะสละได้ทันที

13.) ถือการนั่งเป็นวัตร คือจะงดเว้นอิริยาบถนอน จะอยู่ใน 3 อิริยาบทเท่านั้น คือ ยืน เดิน นั่ง จะไม่เอนตัวลงให้หลังสัมผัสพื้นเลย ถ้าง่วงมากก็จะใช้การนั่งหลับเท่านั้น เพื่อไม่ให้เพลิด

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